Co, Hu, Ce ci, ca and cu form a pattern. They mean, respectively, "here" (near the speaker), "there" (near the person addressed), and "there" (remote from both the speaker and the person addressed). go sta ci. to poljino ten gasa famli. kaw co, da dwel gasa dom. The policeman has a big family. Therefore (because of that) he lives in a big house. HU hu is, in a way, the opposite of sa. sa says that what goes before modifies what comes after: to ga sa kanin the big dog hu reverses this: to kanin hu ga the big dog Sometimes a hu construction is easier to follow. go bu kyer to go xaw padey sa kino. I didn't like the I-saw-yesterday movie. go bu kyer to kino hu go xaw padey. I didn't like the movie I saw yesterday. The first construction with sa is Mandarin style, while the hu construction follows the English model. Sometimes either construction can be hard to follow, and that's when you use ce. CE ce is a "resumptive pronoun," and can be used in sa or hu phrases to clarify things: go pa tari to kreyon hu go zu ce tor cisa barwa. I found the pencil I wrote this letter with. Here, ce shows the place in the phrase where the modified word fits. For simple phrases, it's usually not needed, and word order is sufficient. to kanin hu pa tsanku go The dog that bit me. to kanin hu go pa tsanku The dog that I bit. Again, though, if you're talking to computers or Martians, ce can render the sentences completely unambiguous. to kanin hu ce pa tsanku go to kanin hu go pa tsanku ce Sometimes you really need it. go bu kyer to jini hu sta cesa dom to felin dorm. I don't like the woman in whose house the cat sleeps.
He is over there. With sa, they form demonstative adjectives: tem anapoleonzo. snapoleonzo. This book is about Napoleon. casa kanin pa tsanku gosa felin.
— Ke Ke, Xe, Dexe Briefly, Ceqli ke works exactly like Esperanto "ke." It gives a phrase the status of a noun, so that it can be the subject or object of a verb. zi dwel franzohaym.
Luckily, the thief died. The thief died luckily. Other examples: gomenxe, goda bu ten banana. Sorry, we have no bananas. da fu sta heym sperxe do swarkomka. He'll be home, hopefully, at dinnertime. xe also is used to form what you might call "evidentials," thus. Paired with the word de, meaning "from," it can express the source of the speaker's knowledge. janzo, boldexe, pa pogan jeusa kam.
to curpe hawtali sa smerho. The thief died in a lucky manner. are possible: possible. Note that the difference in English is expressed by word order and pauses: Luckily, the thief died. The thief died luckily. xe also is used to form what you might call "evidentials," thus. Paired with the word de, meaning "from," it can express the source of the speaker's knowledge. janzo, boldexe, pa pogan jeusa kam. John, it is said, lost his job. to kiqo pa ten karahar, pomnidexe. The king had a beard, as I remember it. xawdexe, to felin pa kom zisa kala. The cat ate your fish (I saw it happen).
ciq danho Please come in. XE xe is most always a suffix, indicating a "sentence modifier." hawtalixe, to curpe smerho. Luckily, the thief died. This differs considerably from to curpe hawtali sa smerho. The thief died in a lucky manner. Not so! Not lucky for the thief at all. xe words do not modify words within a sentence, but modify the sentence as a whole, usually expressing the speaker's attitude, but other uses are possible:
go fey sa tomofuq. for the latter. Note: go fey ke tomofuq. can be regarded as short for go fey ke go tomofuq. which is what you might say to a computer or a Martian, in what is called "precise" Ceqli. This is a common Ceqli phenomenon — having a long, precise way of saying something, and an alternate terse but potentiallly ambiguous version, understandable by context. A good example is the common usage of ciq, from the Mandarin, which means "invite," but which can be translated as "please" in most cases. go ciq ke zi danho. I invite that you enter. This can be pared down to: ciq danho Please come in.
